Start: Pre-Revolutionary France
The French monarchy, under Louis XVI, faced severe financial crisis and widespread social inequality. The rigid social structure of the Ancien Régime, with its three estates, fueled discontent among the Third Estate (commoners).
Summoning of the Estates-General (1789)
King Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to address the financial crisis, the first time since 1614. Each estate had one vote, a system inherently unfair to the much larger Third Estate.
Dispute over Voting Procedures
The Third Estate demanded voting by head, not by estate, to reflect their numerical superiority. The First and Second Estates resisted this change, leading to a deadlock.
Formation of the National Assembly
Frustrated by the deadlock, representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly on June 17, 1789. This act was a direct challenge to royal authority.
Tennis Court Oath
Locked out of their usual meeting hall, the National Assembly convened on a nearby tennis court and swore not to disband until a constitution was established for France. This solidified their resolve.
King's Response
Did the King accept the National Assembly's legitimacy and agree to reforms? His indecisiveness and attempts to suppress the assembly further inflamed tensions.
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
Fearing a royal crackdown and seeking weapons, Parisian crowds stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of royal tyranny. This event marked the beginning of widespread popular uprising.
Great Fear
Following the Bastille, panic and peasant revolts spread across the countryside. Peasants attacked manorial records and noble estates, fearing aristocratic reprisals.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The National Assembly adopted this foundational document, proclaiming principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It asserted popular sovereignty and individual rights.
Abolition of Feudalism
In response to the Great Fear, the National Assembly formally abolished feudal privileges, seigneurial rights, and tithes on August 4, 1789. This dismantled key structures of the Ancien Régime.
Flight to Varennes (1791)
King Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France but were captured at Varennes. This event shattered any remaining trust in the monarchy and radicalized the revolution.
Establishment of the First Republic
Following the monarchy's perceived betrayal, France was declared a Republic in September 1792. The National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly.
Execution of Louis XVI
The former king was tried for treason and executed by guillotine in January 1793. This act sent shockwaves across Europe and intensified foreign opposition.
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
Led by the Committee of Public Safety, this radical phase saw mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution. Maximilien Robespierre was a key figure. Thousands were guillotined.
Thermidorian Reaction
The excesses of the Reign of Terror led to the overthrow and execution of Robespierre in July 1794. This marked a shift towards a more moderate phase.
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